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1-Span of control :can simply be defined as the
area of activity and number of functions,
people, or things for which an individual or
organization is responsible.
1b)
Organizational size.
Workforce skill level.
Organizational culture.
Manager's responsibilities.
Some key factors to review when determining
the appropriate span of control within an
organization include the following:
Organizational size. :
Large organizations tend have a narrow span
of control, whereas smaller organizations often
have a wider span of control. This difference is
usually due to the costs involved with more
managers and the financial resources available
to an organization. Communication may be
slower with narrow spans if it must pass
through several of management.
Workforce skill level.:
The complexity or simplicity of the tasks
performed by the employees will affect the
number of desirable direct reports. Generally,
routine tasks involving repetition will require
less supervisory control of a manager, allowing
a wider span of control, whereas complex tasks
or dynamic workplace conditions may be best
suited for a narrower span of control, where
managers can provide more individualized
attention.
Organizational culture.: Organizations need to
determine the desired culture when designing
their span of control. Flexible workplaces
usually have a wider span of control because
employees are given more autonomy and
flexibility in the production of their work.
Manager's responsibilities.: Review whether
the organizational expectations allow the
managers to be effective with the number of
direct reports they have, especially related to
individual responsibilities, departmental
planning and training. For instance, executives
often have fewer direct reports than other
managers in the organization.
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3 a )
- Trading
- Insurance
- Banking
- Advertistment
- Transportation
- Warehousing
- Tourism
3 b )
- Provision of employment opportunities : It
offers jobs to a large number of unemployed
like traders , bankers, insurance brokers, tourist
etc
- Exchange of goods and services : It brings
about
the exchange of goods and services
- Linkage of buyers and sellers : It helps to bring
together the sellers and buyers through
communication without physical contact
- Raising capital : It helps in the country to raise
capital for capital projects and other financial
institutions
- Unity among Nigerians: It fosters unity among
the Nigerians and other Nations as they
engage
in trading activities
- Creation of wealth for Nigerians : Commerce
helps to create wealth for Nigerians and other
Nations as duties are charged on goods and
services either exported or imported
2a )
- Both international trade and internal trade
improve the standard
2b)
TABULATE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
i)government policy is restricted
ii)trade bamer exised
iii)foreign exchange is used as the term of
payment
iv)there is big problem of language difference
v)there is difficultyin the balance of payment
trade
TABLULATE
INTERNAL TRADE
i)it is free from government policy
ii)no trade bamer exist
iii)local currency is the term of payment
iv)there is a little problem of language
difference
v)there is no problem of balance of payment
trade
7a
(i)they have the right to choose between
alternatives
(ii)consumers have the right to good things of
life
(iii)they have the right to safety
(iv)the consumers also have the right to be
heard
(v)they have right to be informed
(7b)
(i)formation of consumer associations to test
whether items are of good quality or not and to
make recommedations
(ii)price control measures should be put in
place to curb any arbitrary price increases.
(iii)Formation of standard board or quality of
every item before allowing its introduction to
the market
(iv)there should be an efficient hire purchase
act to prevent repossession after 2/3 payment
of the purchasing price.
(v)Advertising organisation/board should be
setup to censor all adverts before shown on the
screens.
(
-pricing
-transportation
-storage
-exchange
-financing
(i)pricing:marketing,assisting in fixing price at a
level reasonable enogh to give profit to the
company.
(ii)transportation:this covers involvement of
goods from where they are produced to the
point where they are required.
(iii)storage:this make it possible for goods to be
produced ahead of demand so that they can be
available when needed
(iv)exchange:this cover the purchase of raw
materials and goods from so may sources and
transfer of ownership of such .
(v)financing:this cover the provision of funds
throughtout the period of production to the
point of selling through loans and credit
facilities
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